Peaceful vs. Violent Nation Building in Africa Essay Sample free essay sample

What is state constructing? Largely the construct refers to the procedure that is followed in reconstituting a state that is non working decently as it is expected. A good illustration is of a state that is seeking to better its economic system that has collapsed. The term is besides be used to intend building a state utilizing the powers conferred to it by the topic so that it could be politically stable and feasible. There are assorted methods that are used in state edifice. Some authoritiess use propagandas while others build substructure to convey societal integrating and harmoniousness every bit good as economic growing. The term largely fits to the African states that are seeking to determine their districts freshly after colonialists divided them without sing cultural and other divisions in those parts. State edifice can be either peaceable or violent. The chief focal point of this paper will be to compare and contrast the two classs. We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceful vs. Violent Nation Building in Africa Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In normal events. every province should be able to supply for its people and should be able to protect the rights of its citizens. One chief job that authorities face is the challenge of maintaining a stable authorities face is the challenge of maintaining a stable authorities that is capable of run intoing basic criterions of its citizens. The failure of the authorities to supply and protect its citizens is what broods force. Multi cultural society is one of the factors that contribute to the violent peace doing procedure. There are assorted methods that can be used in peaceable state edifice for illustration. the party system and subscribing common understandings with differing parties. One scheme for advancing peaceable state edifice is by instilling the civilization of peace in school. By this manner. the future coevalss will acquire this civilization from their predecessors. The construct of state edifice as I mentioned earlier was used in decolonisation plans but later it shifted to other facets of life. It procedure has been and is still an on-going procedure. Violence in state edifice is unsafe ( Hippler J. 2005 ; 27-43 ) It was used in states like Rwanda. Sudan Somali and other African provinces like in the instance of Rwanda where in a command to take control in state constructing a battle erupted between Tutsi and Hutus. A batch of people were killed particularly from the minority Tutsi in 1994 under what is now referred as the Rwandan race murder. This struggle besides created the job of refugees. Many people who were get awaying from Rwanda went to the adjacent states as refugees. Many of them died of cholera. dysentery and other diseases. Another disadvantage of violent state edifice is that human rights are abused. For illustration. in Sudan and Rwanda many people lost their lives. adult females were raped while others were held captives of war. Even kids were conscripted in the ground forces. Violent state edifice has besides been witnessed in Darfur part in Western Sudan. The crisis is between two cultural folks where one group comprises of Baggagra who are Arabs while the other one is comprised of Zaghawa. Massaleit and Fur who are land tillers unlike Baggara who are camel keepers. This struggle has been caused by deficit of resources. Baggara folk started it in 2003 while in hunt of H2O in the South confronted the non-Arab communities. The struggle has led to about 450. 000 deceases. Many diseases have occurred in the part. A batch of people have been displaced and are now refugees either at place or in the adjacent states. This violent state edifice scheme has led to the break of economic societal instruction every bit good as economic establishments. This is because spiritual establishments that help in incorporating people can non even conduct their concerns and trade freely as they used before the crisis erupted. It should be known that states develop because of the peaceable environment that they enjoy at place. This why states like Rwanda. Uganda and Sudan are among the poorest states in the universe If you have watched the last male monarch of Scotland movie that was released in 2006 so. you can truly see the demerits of utilizing force as a scheme of state edifice. The movie is about the rise and autumn of Idi Amin as president in 1971 and his autumn in 1979. A violent scheme in hunt of peace promotes terrorist act. smuggling of goods and other illegal concerns are conducted. This happened in Uganda when Amin was in a command to beef up his place ( Hansen H. B. and Twaddle M. ( Eds ) 1994 ; 78-85 ) He smuggled goods across the boundary line and sold illegal pieces to Rebels in southern part of Sudan. President Obote ordered for his house apprehension but this thought failed to happen. Eventually Amin staged a putsch when Obote went to Singapore in 1971 to go to a commonwealth meeting. Harmonizing to the international human rights groups. about 100 1000s to three 1000 people were killed. Most of these were from Lango. Acholi and other cultural communities. Amin forced Asians out of the state. which he proudly described as ‘black man’s state. ’ Though many Ugandans approved the move. their going had serious impact on sugar and fabric industries that closed down. Besides educational topographic points that were run by Asians were closed. By 1970s Uganda was in an economical muss and even now it is still seeking to retrieve from the depredations it inherited from the regulation of Idi Amin Dada. On the other manus. peaceable state edifice has its virtues. It is more recommended than violent one. It happened in Senegal after it become independent in 1960. Senghor who was the president took control over Senegal. He made confederations with the local leaders from assorted folks. In this manner. he was able to put a phase for his state to develop through his gradual reforms scheme. Africans in Senegal were unified by their strong desire to be independent and were determined to reconstitute their bedraggled state shortly after the Gallic authorities moved out. From the independency period. leaders have been seeking to advance national trueness. They used the scheme of ‘ethnic arithmetic’ in interpreting regional truenesss into national truenesss. This scheme saved people from casting unneeded blood after they got their independency ( Desmond J. Clark and Roland 1975 ; 123 ) In Tanzania. state edifice thrived good without ensuing to an armed struggle. This can be attributed to the policies of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. A close expression at the Tanzanian instance. one can clearly see that any state can develop irrespective of its different cultural backgrounds with assorted linguistic communications. In Tanzania. media and educational systems were employed to instill in people the desire to unify for national development as opposed to regional or cultural prevarications. Through Nyerere’s administrative accomplishments. Tanzania had peaceable national development schemes and has neer witnessed any violent mutiny except a little mutiny that broke out in his ground forces but was suppressed immediately with the aid of British military personnels. Many African leaders did non O.K. this thought and referred to it as neo colonialism ( Zell Hans M. ( Ed ) 2006 ; 631 ) As we have noted. states traveling from pandemonium to order takes clip to accomplish their dream but if they once more embark on armed struggle. the state edifice procedure goes back to square one. In a nutshell. state edifice means seting all establishments whether economic. political. judicial. societal or medical in a incorporate whole. It is this interrelation that creates a fertile land for national development. This is what has made states like Senegal and Tanzania to develop while Sudan and Rwanda are economically dawdling behind. Mention: Hippler J.State Building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Transformation.Pluto Press. 2005 ; 27-43 Desmond J. Clark and Roland 1975.The Cambridge History of Africa.Cambridge University Press. 1975 ; 123. Hansen H. B. and Twaddle M. ( Eds )From Chaos to Order: The Politicss of Fundamental lawMaking in Uganda.London: James Currey. 1994 ; 78-85 Zell Hans M. ( Ed ) .The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Beginnings. 4ThursdayEdition. United Kingdom. 2006 ; 631

The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. The WritePass Journal

The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. Introduction The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. IntroductionQ 1.Q.2Q.3BIBLIOGRAPHY: References fromRelated Introduction Q 1. As a Common Carrier the ship Owners/Master are absolutely responsible for the safe carriage of the Goods and for the delivery of a same, without un-reasonable delay, at the destination in the same Apparent Order and a Condition as was received. The contractual obligations of the Carrier, where in the an Owner/Master are responsible under the various governing Charter Party Terms and conditions would a be obliged to comply with the clauses of Carriage of a Goods under COGSA 71/92, Hague-Visby Rules. Lay can (Lay time and Cancellation)   it is the period where lay days commencement and a cancellation for an agreed terms and conditions of Cargo/Goods Transportation by Sea. Demurrage  Ã‚     is the monetary value payable to the owner of the ship for any delay or extra time the vessel would be kept under the charter for which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or discharging operation after the lay time period. On demurrage will mean that the lay time has expired and unless the charter party has at expressly provide to the contrary the time on demurrage will not be a subject to the lay time exceptions. Once on demurrage always on demurrage clause may apply. ‘’Reference from notes page 2 STC’’ Dispatch   it is the charges paid by the owner of the ship to the charter, a usually half of the demurrage rate, could be called as an incentive for a charterer to load and discharge faster a than lay time allowance. ‘’Reference from notes page 3 stc’’ ‘’Owners are obliged to exercise due a diligence to ensure that she is an sea worthy vessel at all the times of’’ As per the a Hague-Visby rules Article III with respect to the liability and responsibilities compensation the carrier is bound through out the voyage to an exercise of due diligence to make the vessel sea worthy and properly equipped, a manned and supply in stores the ship requires and the cargo spaces would be made fit for Cargo reception, a carriage and delivery. And as per the Article IV it states that a if the carrier is un liable for the loss or the damage resulting or arising due to un-sea worthiness at en-route unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of carrier to a make the accident in manner confronting with the of conditions. In paragraph 1 of Article III of â€Å"any damage or loss resulted from un-sea worthiness the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence will a be up to the carrier or those persons claiming exemption an under this article â€Å"college notes reference’ Reference from college notes page 1 , 2010 â€Å"carriage of goods by sea en acted 1971 and amended there on, applies to any contract, for COGSA in ships from a UK port which provides for the issue of a OBL or similar document of Title; any OBL’s if contract in or evidence by it expressly provides that the amended HRV shall govern the contract; any non-negotiable receipt, marked, if it expressly provides that the rules are to govern the contract as were an OBL†. â€Å" Article X says rules apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different states if, the bill is issued in a contracting state or; the carriage is from a port in contracting state; the contract contained in or evidence by the bill provides that the rules, or legislation of any state giving effect to them, are to govern the contract, whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person†. College notes Reference: hand out, STC â€Å"English law relating to bills of lading, rights and/or duties of the carrier, S1 (2) COGSA 1971 gives the force of a law to the HVR, as appended to the Act. Burden of proof un-seaworthiness – claimant as to a lack of seaworthiness of vessel at the relevant time (damage to cargo is prima facie evidence) claimant that un-seaworthiness a was proximate cause for damage to the goods, a rather than excluded peril. Carrier as to damage caused by excluded peril at sea. Carrier has duty of to due diligence had been fulfilled as per Article IV (1) HVR, carrier can a still claim ‘limitation of liability†Ã¢â‚¬  Rotterdam rule, Hamburg rule, Hague rules, review into HVR, a Hamburg rules would be applicable if Bill lading issued in the port of a contracting states Article X (a) as mentioned in the contracting agreement. In this case, the carrier because of a malfunction of statutory equipment probably makes the ship un sea worthy and henceforth the subjugated carrier liability and therefore there was a   breach of a contractual carriage under COGSA therefore vessel will be held liable responsible under Hague-Visby Rules III for damage of goods in clause. A Bills of lading in Original (OBL’) with out an endorsement by ship, the OBL now is a clean which entitles   a benefit or privilege to shipper receivers that goods are in good condition and same to delivered at the discharge port. The issue of clean OBL allows the charter/ receiver to pursue a claim against the carrier for the rusty pipes, and/or short landing of the cargo, because OBL are not appropriately remarked or re-written now says the cargo that is to be discharge at the Korean port would be in good condition, as per clean OBL’. LOI does not have court of law sustained. The G/C vessel Master should have brought Steel Pipes stained matter to the attention of the owner immediately, but his neglect or over look, has this mitigate in owners profit, restricts the ship owner from claiming any protection against the loss with respect to claim of the cargo which may arise. The master of the ship should have with due diligence requested the owner for a separate or independent surveyor to inspect the cargo loading operation. This could have saved the ship owner from the claims at future stages as legal aspects are taken care. Or the second option was the master should have clause the OBL, or should have recorded that the cargo was rusted supported, his statement with photographic evidence or note of protest with proofs and witness statement with letter of protest by Telex informing all parties concerned. During the survey at Port of Refugee (whilst Dry Docking) un seaworthiness were proved as vessel sailed with the Radar equipment not working, as per the SOLAS and the certification of statutory requirement this clearly indicates that the master and the owner choose not shown due diligence for compliance regulations. Company and master knew about the faulty Radar and in the later part one of the probable reason resulting in collision with container ship, the un seaworthiness of own ship may   deny the owner from General Average contribution from the owners of the cargo, if any jettison of undertaken, under P n I, H M covers. The container vessel which was short manned would also be under scanner before claims for as the both the vessels would to be blamed for the incidence that took place. The owners will be subject to the claims from the receivers/charterers, and both the vessels to be blamed for the accident and claim from ship owners been taken up and such claims for the damages from either ends and the case is in Arbitration for resolve and insurers. Reference from: The shipmasters business companion- Malcolm Mac Lachlan, 2004 edition Commercial Management Shipmasters- Robert L. Q.2 â€Å"Salvage involves the provision of services to maritime property in danger that result in the saving or partial saving of that property thus entitling the provider to a reward. Works under common law, statutory law, contract law† reference from hand out STC page 1 of 2010 â€Å"page 5 two types of agreement , one services rendered on the basis of ordinary tariff, fixed amount, daily rate, second is services rendered on the basis that remuneration will be settled later, whether by agreement or arbitration or court. LOF 2000, salvor may use SCOPIC clause, this agreement is made in easy manner, not likely to be disputed, no cure no pay, English Law applies, salvor will be awarded, underwriters liability can not be increased beyond that for total loss, excessive claims by salvors avoided. General Average â€Å"there is a GA when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure’’ reference from college notes STC page 2010 The jettison cargo on Container ship, sacrifice was intentional for preserving the property therefore she is eligible for General Average, the cost of the lost, damaged cargo claimed from the insurer as per prior agreed terms. Hull and Machinery will cover the loss incurred of the hull damaged which was caused because of collision if and so, as is an un intentional act and will come under Particular Average. If the master of both the ships have taken reasonable precautions then it would have been sufficient to mitigate the losses the ship owner. The company would have loss incurred due to salvage under LOF or daily hire, General   Average as far as it complies with clause, HM and P+I insurers would cover only their parts they are agreed upon. Where as the evidences has proved that the container vessel sailed in seaworthy condition but a day before the accident of their Sec/officer was evacuated on medical grounds and made short manned, which was un foreseen or un planned. This short manning has caused fatigue and might be resulted in the non compliance of STCW 95 chapter VIII and require to have an exemption certificate copy onboard prior arrival next port. Both the vessel has to exchange the particular information as per MSA 95 sec 92. Duty of ship to assist the other in case of collision. If Owner/master proves that she has exercised due diligence, will be paid by the cargo insurers of the shipper and if she has not done the same then will lieu under PA and the cargo insurer will be claimed against by the shipper cargo specific damage/ lost cargo who in turn will claim the same from the from P+I Swedish club or from the ship owner and the hull damage, will be covered by is 3/4th RDC by HM , and 1/4th by P+I reference from college handout Particular Average (PA) Losses caused by accident are said to lie where they fall viz., the owner of the property bears the loss, though cargo owners have right against carriers. Protection and Indemnity insurance provides their ship owners and charterers members with incident and claims handling services through a world wide network of correspondent. P and I clubs are those non profits making organization which is a joint venture between shipping companies; it offers the ship owners the coverage against the risks which are not covered by the Hull and Machinery. Hull and Machinery under writers under marine insurance act 1906 the principle would be insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, subrogation. Insurance covers the hull and machinery of the insured ship against certain peril, clause as ‘inchmaree’ viz., peril of the sea, piracy, fire, 3/4th of run down clause, the ship owners proportion of salvage, ship owners contribution of GA. Q.3 Reference notes commercial management page 28 ‘‘Salvage in marine is a method used for rescuing a vessel, goods, or any ship property from peril. It encompasses rescue towing, re-floating a incident prone boat, or repairing a vessel, environmental protection as main motto due to from cargos’’. The positive aspects of LOF2000, it is a No Cure No Pay agreement and is not likely to be disputed and the disputes will be referred to arbitration. Negative point is could end up expensive. Time factor put the master in an defensive position or puts him in hesitant position to make a decision, so considering the safety of crew, environment, inform the owners and can go ahead with the LOF, where agreement can be sort by phone/vhf as well. In view of the incident the master of general cargo ship choose the LOF, which could be considered as a Right move for this scenario. And save a lot of time and further catastrophes. This has increase the percentage of positive out come in sights of crew safety and environment hazard, and property loss. Since own vessel due to collision had severe damage to hull and ingress of water. There was immediate requirement of assistance as there was threat to life, environment and property and limited time for negotiations/bargains. Vessels owner to be kept posted with all the developments by the masters of both vessels, while under salvage / towage. The container vessels decision to go for Daily hire is the probable most best suited towage option could be choose as her extent of damage is minor and had reasonable time for negotiations and select the best established salvor to have a safe operation. All entry formalities to be considered prior arrival to the port of refuge namely, Agents, Customs, Immigrations, PSC, P+I, Quarantine, ISPS, with all possible evidence regarding the incident. MAIB would be informed within 24 hours of arrival to port. Both the vessels were taken to port of refuge, and after a thorough inspection of repairs carry out the class and insurers would be issuing an interim certificate. All the necessary information of ship to send to the Owner and the Insurance company. Complete all the out ward clearance port formalities. Vessel’s can sail to the port of destination. BIBLIOGRAPHY: References from a) STC handout and materials b) The shipmasters business companion- Malcolm Mac Lachlana, 4th Ed 2004 c) Commercial Management Shipmasters- Robert L. tallacka. d) Shipping law by Chlorey Giless (8th edition) e) Business and Law for the Shipmasters by F.N.Hopkinns (7th edition). f) www.marine-salvage.com; marineclaimsconference.com/2010/index.html g) www.sailor today.com/maib.com

Management Theory and Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Theory and Practice - Research Paper Example These strategic endeavours have played a vital role in altering the early management approaches from classical to scientific view points. Certainly, these gradual alterations resulted in the development of the traditional management theories which are often categorised as scientific concepts of business management. For instance, where the early management practices described by classical management theories were based on centralized decision making processes, the modern scientific theories have been concentrated on the significance of economic efficiency obtained through a decentralised operational process (Harpaz, 2003). With due regards to the above mentioned aspects, this essay intends to present a discussion highlighting the reasons which have influenced the growth of human relations movement in the industrial contexts, particularly since the early years of the 20th century. By addressing the issue, the discussion of the essay would further attempt to recognise that whether the m ovements have eradicated the influence of various classical and scientific management theories taking into account the industrial context of the global automobile sector of the current 21st century. Reasons for the Growth of Human Relation Movements in Early 20th Century With the modernization of the world, the operations of every industry had to witness certain alterations being influenced by certain factors such as increasing governmental influence over the industrial operations, rapidly changing market demands, increasing competition and swerving technology advancements among others. However, these developments also influenced the managerial operations to be increasingly complex and diverse. One key which was identified to manage these alterations was the role of human resources which deliberately attracted the policies practiced by modern day organizations in keeping their manpower satisfied, productive and motivated. Hence, in order to overcome the problems of multidimensional approaches, every industry was forced to introduce a better comprehensive and concise HRM approach in their operational process. Notably, these changes had been apparent since the 20th century. In the unconventional perspective, HRM can be described as the approach which helps an industry to perform systematically by understanding and motivating the employees effectively satisfying their needs along with considering the code of conducts enforced by the authoritative bodies (Fine & et. al., 1996; Jackson & Schuler, 1995). To illustrate, the automobile industry also had to introduce a better approach towards HRM, altering its production oriented centralised business procedure, in order to achieve the objectives effectively in early 20th century. Consequently, the primary objective of the global market was formulated with due concentration on customer satisfaction and quality issues of the product and/or services rendered, apart from being focused on the quantity aspect by retaining a good working environment for the employees. Notably, it was principally during this century that the management theories became increasingly based upon the concept which deliberated employee satisfaction and the consequent result of high human resource productivity to be directly related with customer satisfaction and loyalty (Ahmad & Schroeder, 2003). The major reasons to influence such alterations in the automobile

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION AND SECURITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION AND SECURITY - Essay Example 2002). UNIX back end server support the automatic generation of enterprise java beans facilitated the development teams to develop the J2EE application more efficiently. By the UNIX fast XML proxy support, web services are developed in no time on a distributed system as compared to the previous server architecture. IBM 32 way UNIX servers were also launched in year 2001 with the code name â€Å"Regatta†. The microprocessor architecture comprises of 1 GHz 64 Bit Power 4. This UNIX server is capable of self-healing technology and to decrease system failures. The system is capable to divide into 16 virtual servers which enable the businesses to unite several machines in to one (Popovich 2001). The Client-server model of UNIX was the core components for the growth of Internet and reshaping of the distributed systems networks. Inter process communication in the UNIX operating system involves the connection between the system components logically and physically. It supports real tim e network applications which allow the user to exchange messages in an interactive session. UNIX is known as a command line interface due to nonexistence of a GUI environment Today UNIX is equipped with a GUI along with dynamic communication functionalities. Some of the registered UNIX products are HP-UX, IBM AIX, SCO UnixWare, SGI IRIX, Sun Solaris etc. 2 UNIX Administration UNIX system administrator is responsible for installing software, patches, administer file system, analyze and constantly monitor the performance. If any issue occurs, system administrator troubleshoots the issue with the help of available tools and commands. Hardware and software configuration management, liaison with data center, software and hardware migration also add to the responsibilities of a UNIX system administrator. The UNIX administration is divided in to two separate groups. System Administration Network Administration 2.1 System Administration To administer Linux / UNIX, there are many commands an d tools available. To perform useful tasks, following commands are illustrated below with screen shots where possible. 2.1.1 â€Å"MAN† Command ‘MAN’ command â€Å"displays the online documentation for almost any command or program in UNIX. An incredible amount of information is stored in man pages, but you must know the name of the command you are looking for to be able to search† (, UNIX man command). This command extracts the title from the online reference manuals. As in the below mentioned snapshot, there is no manual installed. 2.1.2 â€Å"su† Command ‘Su’ is used to create a shell with a specific used id. It is used for switching between accounts as compared to Windows â€Å"switch user† option. See the snapshot for example 2.1.3 ‘Who’ Command This command displays the information regarding the users who is logged in, from how long, and how many users are logged in. As the below mentioned snapshot shows the us ername, time, date and how many users are logged in. Common switches are activity, state, line, time and name. 2.2 Network Administration Network administrator utilized ICMP â€Å"

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social Essay

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social security - Essay Example The scholarly articles issues that are related to China’s social security The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Scholarly articles are addressed to policy makers as evidenced by the three articles of which two were published in the International Journal of Social Welfare and the other article was published in the China Economic Review. Keywords: order, equations, systematic, articles 1. Introduction The scholarly articles chosen for this analysis address issues that are related to China’s social security. The three articles are consistent with the general trend exhibited in the discipline and will thus form the backbone of this analysis to cut across the discipline. Yang, Williamson, and Shen author the first article in the year 2009, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article addresses the issue of social security in China, specifically relating to the rural aged. The article has been written in efforts of attempting to alleviate the social security coverage in the country. Leung authored the second article selected in 2003, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Feldstein is the author of the third article, published in the China Economic Review in 1999. The article’s focus is centered on the necessary reforms in the social security system of China. ... termined from an in-depth analysis conform to the general systematic set up of presenting findings that border on the social-economic aspect of daily life. The analysis is written in conformity with the writing style applied in the third article that was selected. The sections are a representative of the general format that is used in writing academic articles in the discipline. 2. Analysis of the articles The authors of the three articles are a true representative of the academic elite in the discipline with Leung working at the Department of Social Work and Social administration at the University of Hong Kong. Shen and Williamson are faculty members at the Boston College while Yang is a faculty member at the Beihang University. Feldstein is an associate at the Harvard University in the department of economics while at the same time he serves at the National Bureau of Economic Research. The five authors have a mastery aura of the field and this can be attested to by their systematic analysis of social economic issues that are linked to the provision of social security in China. The purposes of the different authors in the three articles are intertwined and are concentrated about providing a solution in the social security policy of China. The three articles identify the need of enacting a strong social security policy that would work towards ensuring that the elderly people of China reap the maximum benefit. The simplification of the social security system in the country alongside the increased coverage will be fruitful in reducing the country’s dependency level as well as improving the living standards of its elderly citizens. The rhetorical strategies advanced by the three articles are almost similar in the composition and advancement of the topics. The authors

Female Sexual Objectification In Advertisement Media Essay

Female Sexual Objectification In Advertisement Media Essay After the initial explosion of female sex appeal in advertisement and being a raging success, in the 1930s it stepped up and became much more visual and daring. The first advertisement with a nude was a color ad for Cannon towels in 1933, revealing the backside of a womans body (Lont, 1995: 115). Slowly and efficiently womens bodies were being used very objectively and advertisements were becoming much freer and much raunchier. A slight change of events happened during World War II (1939-1945) where women were portrayed as efficient workers and glamorous accessories while theyre husbands were at war. Oakley stated with the notable exception of the war years, womens role as housewife has been continuously affirmed as the proper use for female energy. Her dependence on men is an accepted fact (Oakley, 1974: 56). When the men would return, women would fall back into the role of a mother and a homemaker. Notably the advertisement changed to display how women should be acting and behaving while theyre husbands were at war, magazines particularly showed images of women carrying out such things as looking after their children and being the perfect mother. Moving into the 1950s after World War II had ended. The female housewife image slowly faded away from the advertisement scene. Studies have shown that women in magazine adverts prior to the 1970s were rarely shown to be in paid work, and when they were it would usually be a stereotypical role (the smiling secretary or hairdresser). The number of housewife images began to decline slowly after the 1950s, but the image was still common in the 1960s and 1970s (Gunter, 1995: 34). Linking in with my previous paragraph mentioning females from 1900 to 1920 were being shown as fragile and weak, it is evident that this was still present 50 years later. It shows that women were still being portrayed in a sexist and belittling manner. In modern methods female sex appeal in advertisement has become much more graphic due to technology and the advertisement industry expansion through the digital revolution. A common technique in modern advertisement is to ensure the males attention is not distracted and the objective of the advertisement stays intact. Advertising that depicts womens bodies without faces, heads, and feet implies that all that is really important about a woman lies between her neck and her knees. The lack of a head symbolizes a woman without a brain. A faceless woman has no individuality. A woman without feet is immobile and therefore submissive (Cortese, 2004: 38). So without a face it brings up the question of what is the advertisement showing, and what portrayal of the female is trying to be connected with the target audience at hand? Illustrated in appendix figure i, I found this to be a great example of how the male focus is purely on the female torso. The advertisement displays the words wash me on the females body to create a mental image in the males mind of cleaning the women. This also encourages the male to view the advertisement and connect no personality to the female, and purely as a sexual object. My attention was drawn to an advertisement for an American Burger King advertisement illustrated in appendix figure ii. Americas advertisement industry is enormous and I wanted to include this in my body of research to show the range of how female sexual objectification is used. My reason for focusing on this advertisement in particular was that it was advertising sex in a very abrupt and indirect manner. The woman is wearing lipstick and has a wide open mouth with red lip stick. Lipstick ads often use lipstick as a phallic symbol to represent oral or anal sex (Cortese, 2004: 33). The advertisement reads It will blow your mind away which is implying that eating the new burger will have similar effects to sexual pleasure. The advertisement gained negative responses and Mark Crispin Miller, a professor of media studies at New York University said the ad was very desperate. Miller said This is objectionable because its outrageously exaggerating the pleasure of Burger King. Its not that good, even as food, and therefore nowhere near as gratifying as an orgasm. Theres no doubt they intended a double entrendre. (Miller, 2009) Putting the desperate attempt aside this shows that female sex appeal has spread across a wide spectrum of advertisement and shows how it has adapted to modern culture. resulted in a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/ male and passive/ femalewomen are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness (Mulvey 1975 cited in Gauntlett, 2008: 41). men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at. This determines not only most relations between men and women but also the relation of women to themselves. The surveyor of woman in herself is male: the surveyed female. Thus she turns herself into an object and most particularly an object of vision: a sight (1972: 47). It is argued that women are perceived by men in two very simple watered down stereotypes, they are women into Madonna (pure, gentle, artless, white) and whore (passionate, temptress, red) (1985: 108). In modern advertisement the women commonly advertised as feminine and soft, but have been cleverly manipulated to hold sex appeal and still appear very appealing to the opposite sex. A typical modern display of female sexual objectification is to show a reflection of a males fantasy or a so called dream girl. The exemplary female prototype in advertising, regardless of product or service, displays youth (no lines or wrinkles), good looks, sexual seductiveness and perfection (Baudrillard, 1990 cited in Cortese, 2004: 53). This could be from a simple stereotypical dumb blonde to a busting brunette, as long as the characteristics is focused on the sexual objective and personality does not interfere, the advertisement speaks for itself. On May 1, 2007 CFA law firm released a series of billboard advertisements stating lifes short. Get a divorce. This is clearly illustrated in appendix figure iii. Although this falls into both the category of female and male sexual objectification, I found it a relevant and interesting advertisement which shows a very modern up-to-date method on how sex sells. There was a lot of reaction and business raised by almost 400% due to the advertisements, Corri Fetman, the woman behind the ads said If you think somebodys going to look at a billboard and go out and get a divorce as a result, youre insulting the intelligence of people. If thats the case, our next billboard is going to read, Gimme Your Money. (Corri Fetman 2007) Corrys outspoken behaviour and the publics mixed reactions caused discussions for the general public and the advertisement industry. In summary female sexual objectification in advertisement is used for males to stare and fantasise. It is purely a physical selling point, be it the stick thin blonde or the half-naked women selling a bar of soap, it is all for the purpose of sex selling a product. The ad spends no time discussing her qualifications for sexual desire her mere existence is enough (Sex Appeal in Advertising 1996). I think this quote summarises that a womens sex appeal is the selling point and the only importance for the nature of the advertisement.

computer :: essays research papers

Twenty-five years ago, Larry Ellison saw an opportunity other companies missed when he came across a description of a working prototype for a relational database and discovered that no company had committed to commercializing the technology. Ellison and his co-founders, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, realized there was tremendous business potential in the relational database model--but they may not have realized that they would change the face of business computing forever. Today Oracle (Nasdaq: ORCL) is still at the head of the pack. Oracle technology can be found in nearly every industry around the world and in the offices of 98 of the Fortune 100 companies. Oracle is the first software company to develop and deploy 100% internet-enabled enterprise software across its entire product line: database, business applications, and application development and decision support tools. Oracle is the world's leading supplier of software for information management, and the world's second largest independent software company. Oracle has always been an innovative company. It was one of the first companies to make its business applications available through the internet--today, that idea is pervasive. Now Oracle is committed to making sure that all of its software is designed to work together--the suite approach--and other companies, analysts, and the press are beginning to acknowledge that Oracle is right. What's in store for tomorrow? We will continue to innovate and to lead the industry--while always making sure that we're focused on solving the problems of the customers who rely on our software (http://www.oracle.com/corporate/index.html?story.html) We will first look at the hardware and software platforms to see how they measure up, and what, if any, special requirements are needed, as well as the costs that are associated with them. Next, we will look at the deployment of the application and what it takes to roll out a production system. Once the application is up and running, performance becomes the top priority of the data center. We can first note that the hardware and software requirements are similar. The abstraction to the application is also the same with both solutions - it gives an illusion of a single database and there is no need to modify the SQL code. The differences are in ease of deployment, performance and manageability. Both databases have similar cluster hardware requirements. A cluster is a group of independent servers that collaborate as a single system. The primary cluster components are processor nodes, a cluster interconnect (private network), and a disk subsystem.

Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? I have learned that diversity has various different definitions but I will only focus on the Webster’s Dictionary meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, diversity is â€Å"the condition of having or being composed of differing elements: Variety; especially: the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization.† To summarize this definition or make it simple, diversity is to include people from different races, religions, genders, ages, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds all in one place. Diversity is valued because it teaches us how to accept and understand differences in people and to look beyond personal biases or emotions of language, culture, and race. It also teaches us to be more open and enhances our knowledge of all things or people that are different from us. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is the feeling that one’s group or culture is superior to another. Ethnocentrism makes a person bias against other cultures and ethnic groups, makes a person look down on others, and makes a person feel that other cultures are inferior to their own. Furthermore, ethnocentrism can be detrimental to a society in many ways.One way is racism, which is a problem that has plagued our society for decades and has caused violence and death. Ethnocentrism has also caused war and genocide such as the Holocaust. During the time of the Holocaust, the Nazis (who were German) believed that Germans were racially superior and the Jews were inferior. This belief led to the Nazis killing a lot of Jews, disabled people, and homosexuals. In today’s society, I am not sure if ethnocentrism would go that far but it would still harm our society. It can cause more violence, discrimination, and coflicts acrtoss the world. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is to leave ones’s country permanently to live in another. Immgration is defined as coming into a new country as a permanent resident. Schaefer, R. T. states that â€Å"from Vietnam’s perspective, the â€Å"boat people† were emigrants from Vietnam to the United States, but in the United States they were counted among this nation’s immigrants.† This is how the two terms are different. 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? Groups of people are identified by dominant and subordinate groups to include their race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. The racial group refers to people who are socially set apart because of physical differences. The ethic group is set apart because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. The religious group is set apart because they are associated with a religion other than the dominant faith. The gender group suggests that men are the social majority and women are the minority. Finally there are other subordinate groups that people are identified by such as age, disability status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation. 5. Why do people label and group other people? I believe that some people label and group other people because this is the way they were taught. On the other hand, there are some people who label and group other people because of ignorance. For those who were brought up with prejudice, they continue to label people because it is easier to go off of what they were taught than to look up the facts on their own. Furthermore, I feel that people label and group other people in order to make themselves look good or seem superior. They want to feel as if they are better than others. Labeling and grouping people is judgemental and can easily be avoided if people would just learn other people for themselves. 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the beliefs, social forms, and material traigts of a race, religion, or social group. It is also the characteristic features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or time (Merriam-Webster online, 2013). Culture can refer to many areas in a society and is not only limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Culture can also refer to other areas such as education, business, and science.

Comparing Political Systems of two countries

Comparing Political Systems of two countries How could the political systems of two developed countries in the western world have so very diversified features? The two countries in question are Japan and the United Arab Emirates. There are very significant differences in the political systems of these two countries though they do not lack various areas with very close similarities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Political Systems of two countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though both countries separate religion and the state in their ruling systems as well as their political arena, it is important to mention that whereas UAE is dominated by Muslims, most of the people in Japan do not profess or identify themselves with any kind of religion. Religion in one way or another influences the political system either directly or indirectly. The influence of the mass media in both countries again differs significantly since in the UAE, it is m ainly controlled by the regime in power whereas Japan mass media is independent. The mass media in the United Arab Emirates like in other Arab countries have very little freedom since they are mainly influenced by the regime in power (Rugh 60). We may refer to the kind of press in this country as a royalist press since, though privately owned, they are very loyal and supportive to the regime in power. Their most common kind of mass media is the daily newspaper whose emergence in the country dates back to 1930’s when such papers as al-Bilad and al-Madina started flourishing. This has really affected the influence of mass media in the country, bearing in mind that this is the most convenient channel that the public airs their views against the leaders thus enabling them to rectify. The features of mass media in Japan have been quite different. It is mainly owned by private investors and independent from the ruling power. It is the most accessible tool for both the powerful and the weaker groups in the region, which gives them an opportunity to air their views. This has contributed a lot to its influence on the political arena in Japan ensuring that they rectify the areas pinpointed by the mass media. A survey carried out on the system revealed that it has introduced the ideas and principles of the most ignored interest groups in the society and has by remaining an outsider influenced the polical system towards being more pluralistic (Willnat Aw 62).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The level of decentralization is another very critical area to be considered in these two nations. Both of these nations practice a decentralized structure of governing system though at different levels. Until 1990, Japan had centralized its political and administrative system whereby its powers had been concentrated in the capital cities. This system changed recently in the 1990’s whereby the nation initiated its own policies on decentralization and regionalization which was mainly targeting and responding to domestic concerns which were prevalent since the 1970’s. Before decentralization took place in Japan, there was gradual rise in excessive centralization in the nation which was characterized by dominance of castle cities and Lords over their hinterlands and town people respectively (Chen 125). On the other hand, decentralization and political accommodation in the United Arab Emirates are embedded in the structure and ethic of the state. The process took root recently in this considering that it has developed far much later in the twentieth century compared to the developed countries which embraced decentralization over 500 years ago. It has been a challenging procedure to adopt but it has resulted to benefits. Effective service delivery has triggered the gradual process in UAE (Ahmad Brosio 14) Bureaucracy has been a nother common area between these two countries. In both cases, the powerful and the elite have commonly been in control of most areas in the nations than the elected officials (USA 1). In Japan the country’s strong central bureaucracy have come up with thousands of rules and regulations that the ordinary citizens have to abide by bearing in mind that these are not the elected officials in the nation (Pierre 118). The Japanese bureaucracy mainly composed of the brightest and the best, mostly the products of the country’s prestigious universities, control over the country’s 334, 000 administrative positions. They mostly identify with important politicians and executives (Hays 3). In the United Arab Emirates, people have always asked whether bureaucracy is really alive. However, surveys, studies and research work have shown that bureaucracy is far from being dead though some bureaucratic characteristics have been in decline and the process has been going through ch anges. In the modern society, there is a degree of bureaucracy since most large scale organizations apply the system to carry out most of their activities (Remenyi 114). How could the political systems of two developed countries in the western world have so very diversified features? In conclusion, it is very clear that the political systems in Japan and the United Arab Emirates have their own similarities and differences. Most similarities are evident from decentralization and bureaucracy while differences have been portrayed in religion and mass media.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Political Systems of two countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ahmad, Ehtisham Brosio, Giorgio. Handbook of Fiscal Federalism. Massachusetts Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006. Print. Chen, Xiangming. As borders bend: transnational spaces on the Pacific Rim. New York: Lanham, Rowman Littlefield, 2005 . Print. Hay, Jeffrey. Bureaucracy in Japan. Facts and Details, 2009. Web. Pierre, John. Bureaucracy in the modern state: an introduction to comparative public. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995. Print. Remenyi, D. European Conference on IS Management, Leadership and Governance, University of Reading, UK, 7-8 July 2005. UK, Academic Conferences Limited, 2005. Print. Rugh, William. Arab mass media: newspapers, radio, and television in Arab politics. Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. Print. USA. Doing Business and Investing in United Arab Emirates Guide. International Business Publications, 2007. Washington: Intl Business Publications. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Willnat, Lars Aw, Annette. Political Communication in Asia. New York, Taylor Francis, 2009. Print.

Finance Papers and Essays

Finance Papers and Essays In finance term papers and essays you will deal with different types of assignments. In one case the teacher will evaluate your knowledge of the material in other case you will write a paper on the unknown topic in order to learn it or deepen your knowledge. In finance term papers, research papers and essays you will deal with numbers but write your evaluation, suggestions or projections with regards to these numbers. Sometimes you will need to write about current issues that are discussed in financial press or some innovation. If you are writing finance term paper or essay which is based on given numbers, make sure that your paper matches the following requirements: Accuracy Accuracy in writing depends on your choice and use of words, to ensure you convey the intended message. The accuracy of any statistics reported also depends upon care in planning the enquiry or investigation from which they were derived, care in observing and in measuring, and care in recording and analyzing data. No amount of care in analyzing data, or presenting the results of the analysis, can compensate for lack of care in earlier stages of the work. Appropriateness You try to ensure that the thoughts in the mind of the receiver are identical with those in your mind, by: (a) considering what the reader needs to know and why the information is needed, (b) conveying just this amount of information, with enough supporting detail, (c) choosing words familiar to the reader, and (d) using them in well constructed, unambiguous sentences. Balance In your finance paper or essay devote equal attention to things of comparable importance, and maintain a sense of proportion. Unless expected to present only the case for or the case against, you should normally show an awareness of all sides of a question. Brevity Be concise. Use no more words than are needed to express your meaning pleasurably and unambiguously. Include no more detail than is appropriate for this finance term paper, research paper or essay. Clarity In writing, as in speaking, clarity is the expression of clear thinking. To make your meaning clear you must use words you expect your readers to know and understand, in carefully constructed, unambiguous sentences with nothing left to the readers’ imagination. Coherence There should be a clear train of thought that leads readers smoothly from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph in the paper, with headings where necessary as signposts to help readers along, so that your finance term paper as a whole has the quality of unity or wholeness. Completeness Fulfill your readers’ expectations. Your treatment of the subject should be comprehensive, including everything readers need to know. Every finance term paper, research paper or essay should have an obvious beginning, middle and end. Every statement should be complete. Every argument should be followed through to its logical conclusion. Your writing should be free from errors of omission. Consistency In all your finance paper you should be consistent (for example, in your use of headings, names, terms, abbreviations and symbols; in spelling and punctuation). Explanation Whether you are requesting or supplying information, the needs of your readers should be your first consideration. Who are they? What do they know already? What more do they need to know to ensure they understand your message? You must provide enough information, explanation, and where necessary examples in your finance paper, to ensure that readers understand and can judge the validity of your conclusions. Forcefulness To achieve your objective you must show an awareness of all points of view in your finance term paper, research paper, thesis or essay but be prepared to put your case strongly supported by sufficient evidence and convincing argument, and without undue reservations. Objectivity In a novel it is not necessary to explain everything. The writing is subjective based on the author’s imagination and some things are left to the readers’ imagination. Such writing may be encouraged in studying some subjects, and when children are being encouraged to use their imagination, but writing finance paper should be objective (based on things that can be observed which we think of as facts).

Delegation and Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Delegation and Empowerment - Essay Example When handled properly, delegating and empowering can enable the ordinary worker to excel to the limits of their competence. Because delegation is necessary for a manager to accomplish his job it is a vital component of a successful organization. Health care organizations are especially aided by delegation and are able to maximize the use of their limited human capital. Knowledge and information may reside in only a few key positions. By delegating authority, while remaining accountable, the manager can delegate key tasks to other qualified personnel. This is even more important where there may be a shortage of doctors or nurses. By utilizing all the workers to the maximum of their ability, the organizational structure is strengthened. Delegation is a formal process of planning, preparing, auditing, and feedback (Allen, 1998). The supervisor must communicate fully with the worker in regards to the expectations and time frames. The results of the delegation need to be monitored regularly and the worker needs to receive regular feedback or appreciation (Allen, 1998). Delegation empowers the worker with the authority of the supervisor. Empowerment can also come from a company culture that is not derived from delegation.

E-Business. Classification, Development And Implications Of E-Business Essay

E-Business. Classification, Development And Implications Of E-Business On Modern Organizations - Essay Example The global information infrastructure served as the foundation for new methods of personal interaction, communication, transaction and this has tremendously changed the way people did business. From the mid 1990s, global networking platform grew rapidly until 2000 and has started showing major signs of success stories of many multinational companies by 2003 (Schneider, 2011, p. 4). Within just few years after the mid 1990s, the internet-based business has become a larger part of the total economy. Electronic Business, generally termed as E-business, is one of the most important aspects to emerge from the internet. E-business is more than another way to sustain and improve the traditional business practices. Most of the researchers highlighted the revolutionary aspects of e-business adoption and its positive impacts on human life whereas some others suggested that e-business is a kind of disruptive innovation as it radically changes the traditional way of carrying out business. E-marketing, E-banking, E-learning, E-government etc are other major breakthrough developed with the use of internet technology. This paper provides detailed answers to the questions what is E-business and how does it matter to an organization. Based on relevant literatures, this paper examines the theoretical perspectives of e-business and describes its general impacts to a business organization. This paper will focus on the field of e-marketing and examines how e-marketing is influencing today’ s business and marketing arenas. E-business The terms E-commerce and E-business are often used interchangeably, but they are distinct concepts. E-commerce is a term used to describe the process of transacting business over the internet, but E-business involves the fundamental reengineering of the business model in to the internet-based networked enterprise. More specifically, ecommerce is narrower in the sense that it refers only to the buying and selling of goods or services by using internet technology, whereas E-business accounts for all business activities, including both internal and external, that are conducted online. E-business describes the information system and application using the internet to support and carry out business processes. As Bartels (2000) noted, to be very specific about the difference, E-business includes E-commerce, but also covers organization’s internal activities such as manufacturing, inventory management, financing, human resource management, knowledge management etc. With E-business, companies can link its internal and external activities very effectively to work more closely with different stakeholders such as suppliers, partners, and customers etc to satisfy customers’ needs. Grefen (2010) strongly argued that primarily three criteria are to be met to call a combination of business activities and information technology e-business. These three criteria are: 1- The business activities must be core activities. The activities must be directly related to the reason of the existence of the business. 2- The use of information techn